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Ambiente: scienziati dell'Università di Berkeley scoprono un microbo "mangia-petrolio": differenze tra le versioni

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Gli scienziati erano confusi dalla scomparsa di petrolio dopo il disastro ecologico della ''[[w:Deepwater Horizon|Deepwater Horizon]]'' nel Golfo del Messico. Erano state fatte delle mappe dettagliate delle perdite di petrolio e della sua diffusione sottacqua; tuttavia, del petrolio sembra essere scomparso.
 
La ricerca è stata finanziata con una borsa di studio della Energy Biosciences Institute, un accordo tra l'Università di Berkeley e l'Università dell'Illinois che ha fruttato 500 milinimilioni di dollari, e una borsa di studio per dieci anni di ricerca dalla [[w:BP|BP]]. La ricerca è stata inoltre supportata dal Dipartimento di Stato per l'Energia statunitense.
 
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<!--A grant from the Energy Biosciences Institute, and a partnership led by the [[w:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]] and the [[w:University of Illinois|University of Illinois]] that is funded by a USD 500 million, 10-year grant from [[w:BP|BP]], was the basis for support of the research. The U.S. Department of Energy and the University of Oklahoma Research Foundation also supported it.
The first week was the field study. As Hazen said, "We deployed on two ships to determine the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the deepwater oil plume. The oil escaping from the damaged wellhead represented an enormous carbon input to the water column ecosystem and while we suspected that hydrocarbon components in the oil could potentially serve as a carbon substrate for deep-sea microbes, scientific data was needed for informed decisions."-->▼
 
Le analisi dei campioni sono state facilitate perché i ricercatori hanno usato un campionatore di DNA tascabile usato nei laboratori di Berkeley, il [[:en:w:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory#Scientific Achievements, Inventions, and Discoveries|PhyloChip]], che ha consentito ai ricercatori di rilevare la presenza di migliaia di specie di batteri in campioni prelevati da diverse sorgenti ambientali, senza bisogno di creare delle colture di batteri come si fa solitamente nei laboratori. Con il dispositivo, Hazen e i suoi collaboratori hanno scoperto che un microbo dominante, che costituiva il 90% dei batteri, era una nuova specie, molto simile ai membri della famiglia delle ''Oceanospirillales'', più precisamente ''Oleispirea antarctica'' e ''Oceaniserpentilla haliotis''.
▲The first week was the field study. As Hazen said, "We deployed on two ships to determine the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the deepwater oil plume. The oil escaping from the damaged wellhead represented an enormous carbon input to the water column ecosystem and while we suspected that hydrocarbon components in the oil could potentially serve as a carbon substrate for deep-sea microbes, scientific data was needed for informed decisions."
 
Sample analysis was eased because the researchers used the pocket-sized Berkeley Lab DNA sampler [[w:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory#Scientific Achievements, Inventions, and Discoveries|PhyloChip]]. It allowed researchers to detect the presence of thousands of species of bacteria in samples from a wide range of environmental sources, without the culturing procedures usually performed in a furnished lab workplace. With the device, Hazen and his co-researchers discovered that a dominant microbe, making up 90 percent of all the bacteria in the oil plume, is a new species, closely related to members of ''Oceanospirillales'' family, more specifically ''Oleispirea antarctica'' and ''Oceaniserpentilla haliotis''.
{{traduzione|en|Oil-eating microbe found in the Gulf of Mexico}}
 
<!--The previous works were measuring low levels of oxygen in certain areas to detect microbes activity. Researchers thought that increased activity would lead to more aerobic activities, such as breathing, which depletes the oxygen content in water. However, the newly discovered species doesn't seem to be consuming much oxygen from the water column. The study found that oxygen saturation outside the oil plume was 67-percent, while within the plume, it was 59-percent. By Terry Hazen's words, "The low concentrations of iron in seawater may have prevented oxygen concentrations dropping more precipitously from biodegradation demand on the petroleum, since many hydrocarbon-degrading enzymes have iron as a component... There's not enough iron to form more of these enzymes, which would degrade the carbon faster but also consume more oxygen."
 
Analysis of changes in the oil composition as the plume extended from the wellhead pointed to faster than expected biodegradation rates with the half-life of alkanes ranging from 1.2 to 6.1 days. This microbe thrives in cold water, with temperatures in the deep recorded at 5 degrees Celsius (41 Fahrenheit).
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*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/gca?gca=science.1195979v1 Deep-Sea Oil Plume Enriches Indigenous Oil-Degrading Bacteria], ''Science'' (2010).
 
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[[Categoria:America settentrionale]]
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